English-language articles by Zappa & Company on loss investigation, engineering claims and the Italian insurance framework. Our publications explain the evidence and sources behind the analysis, distinguish established findings from interpretation, and identify the limits of the conclusions.
Hail and photovoltaics, summer 2026: how much can modules really withstand?
The minimum hail test of IEC 61215 uses 25 mm ice balls, carrying about 2 joules per impact. In the results published in the Kiwa PVEL 2026 Scorecard, at 45 mm glass breakage affects 61% of the sample of 2.0 + 2.0 mm glass-glass modules, against 7% of the thicker-glass group. Part one of a three-part series: construction features, certifications and tests for assessing module resistance.
Credit-based licensing on Italian construction sites: proof is still the weak link
Higher penalties and uncapped credit deductions for undeclared labour are in force. The site badge is not: of the twelve implementing measures required by Decree-Law 159/2025, two have been adopted and none of the three under article 3. What it means for investigating a workplace accident.
Who Will Be Entitled to Adjust Catastrophe Losses? — Article 19 of Decree-Law 25/2026 and Article 23 of Decree-Law 144/2026
The CONSAP Register established by Article 19 of Decree-Law 25/2026 reserves to those enrolled the assessment of catastrophe losses to insured buildings, backed by a criminal sanction. In little over five months the entry requirements have changed twice. Who can enrol today, what is required in the transitional window open until 1 April 2028, and what is still missing before the Register exists as a working procedure.
Nepal–Tibet, 26 August 2026: anatomy of a causal chain
The 26 August disaster in Nepal was not a flood. It was a chain: failure of a glacierised slope, rock-ice avalanche, temporary damming of the river, breach and debris-laden surge. Four distinct physical processes that insurance contracts treat as separate perils — and that nature traversed in minutes.
Legislative and procedural commentary reflects the position at the publication or update date shown on each article.
